From tools to pedagogical ecologies: a systematic review of artificial intelligence in EFL/ESL education

A systematic review of 221 peer-reviewed publications reveals that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly embedded in English as a Foreign/Second Language (EFL/ESL) education, evolving from isolated instructional aids to multifunctional pedagogical actors. Previous research was fragmented, but this review synthesizes how AI integrates across language skills, instructional domains, and educational contexts, identifying its pedagogical roles, mediating processes, reported outcomes, and contextual constraints.

The evolving role of AI in education signals a significant shift in pedagogical approaches, requiring strategic consideration for its effective integration. Understanding AI's multifunctional capabilities and implications for learning is crucial for maintaining competitive educational standards and preparing future workforces.

AI is increasingly integrated into EFL/ESL education, moving beyond fragmented, tool-focused applications.

Forward consideration, not a verified fact.